节食、断食促进健康长寿相关国际科研文献与科普视频
(2017年2月20日汇集)
一、国际科研文献
1.Time-restricted feeding and risk of metabolic disease: a review of human and animal studies《时间限制的进食和代谢性疾病的危险性:一个关于人体和动物实验的综述》(Nutrition Review《营养学综述》2014年4月)简介:
[Author]: Jeff Rothschild, School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA.
[Abstract]: Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a key component of intermittent fasting regimens, has gained considerable attention in recent years. TRF allows ad libitum energy intake within controlled time frames, generally a 3–12 hour range each day. The impact of various TRF regimens on indicators of metabolic disease risk has yet to be investigated.
Accordingly, the objective of this review was to summarize the current literature on the effects of TRF on body weight and markers of metabolic disease risk (i.e., lipid, glucoregulatory, and inflammatory factors) in animals and humans. Results from animal studies show TRF to be associated with reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, and concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, insulin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as with improvements in insulin sensitivity.
Human data support the findings of animal studies and demonstrate decreased body weight (though not consistently), lower concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These preliminary findings show promise for the use of TRF in modulating a variety of metabolic disease risk factors.
【作者】:Jeff Rothschild,美国加州大学运动学和营养学系。
【摘要】:时间限制的进食(TFR),是间歇性禁食的一个重要类型,在最近几年得到了非常大的关注。TRF使得随意摄入的能力控制在有限的时间框内,一般来说每天3-12个小时的范围内。各种不同类型的TFR对于代谢性疾病指示物的影响需要研究。
因此,这篇综述的目的就是总结目前文献关于TRF对身体体重和代谢性疾病危险因素标志物(如血脂、血糖代谢和炎性因素标志物)在动物和人体的研究。动物实验的研究表明TRF可以减轻体重,降低总的胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖、胰岛素、白介素6和肿瘤坏死因子α的浓度,提高了胰岛素的敏感性。
人体实验支持动物实验的研究结果,证明了TRF可以减少体重(虽然不是一直减少),降低甘油三酯、葡萄糖、低密度脂蛋白(和动脉粥样硬化相关)和增加高密度脂蛋白(是一种“好”的保护性脂蛋白)。这些早先的发现为TRF在调节许多代谢性疾病的危险因素上面提供了希望。
2.Health effects of intermittent fasting hormesis or harm? a systematic review《间断节食对健康的影响的系统性综述》(American Journal of Clinical Nutrition《美国临床营养学期刊》2015年102期)简介:
[Author]: Benjamin D Horne, Intermoutain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT.
[Background]: Intermittent fasting, alternate-day fasting, and other forms of periodic caloric desistance are gaining popularity in the lay press and among animal research scientists. Whether clinical evi- dence exists for or is strong enough to support the use of such dietary regimens as health interventions is unclear.
[Objective]: This review sought to identify rigorous, clinically rele- vant research studies that provide high-quality evidence that thera- peutic fasting regimens are clinically beneficial to humans.
[Design]: A systematic review of the published literature through January 2015 was performed by using sensitive search strategies to identify randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated the effects of fasting on either clinically relevant surrogate outcomes (e.g., weight, cholesterol) or actual clinical event endpoints [e.g., diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD)] and any other studies that evaluated the effects of fasting on clinical event outcomes.
[Results]: Three randomized controlled clinical trials of fasting in humans were identified, and the results were published in 5 articles, all of which evaluated the effects of fasting on surrogate outcomes. Improvements in weight and other risk-related outcomes were found in the 3 trials. Two observational clinical outcomes studies in humans were found in which fasting was associated with a lower prevalence of CAD or diabetes diagnosis. No randomized controlled trials of fasting for clinical outcomes were identified.
[Conclusions]: Clinical research studies of fasting with robust de- signs and high levels of clinical evidence are sparse in the literature. Whereas the few randomized controlled trials and observational clinical outcomes studies support the existence of a health benefit from fasting, substantial further research in humans is needed before the use of fasting as a health intervention can be recommended.
【作者】:Benjamin D Horne,美国犹他州盐湖城Intermountain医学中心心脏研究所。
【背景】:间歇性禁食、间隔性禁食和其他类型的周期性热量间断在大众媒体和动物研究的科学家中已经非常热门。到底有没有足够的临床证据支持这种饮食方式对健康有利还未知。
【目的】:这篇综述试图寻找强有力的、临床相关的研究提供高质量的证据证明治疗性的禁食方法对人体是有利的。
【设计】:采用了敏感度高的搜索方式,做了一个系统的回顾来验证了发表在2015年1月的杂志上的随机临床试验。验证了禁食对临床相关结局的影响(例如体重、胆固醇)或者实际的临床事件的结局(例如糖尿病、冠心病)和其他研究来评估禁食对临床事件结局的影响。
【结果】:验证了3个人体的禁食随机对照临床试验,结果发表在5篇文章中,所有的研究都评估了禁食对替代结果的影响。体重和其他危险相关的结局也在3个试验中有所改善。两个人体的观察性的临床结局研究发现禁食和较低的心血管疾病以及较低的糖尿病检出率相关。没有验证到随机对照的试验对临床结局影响。
【结论】:关于严格设计的禁食试验和高水平的临床证据在临床研究的文献中是缺乏的。然而少量的随机对照试验和观察性的临床试验支持禁食对健康有利,还需大量的人体研究,把禁食作为一个健康干预手段在人群推广。
3.Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease《模拟空腹饮食和衰老、糖尿病、癌症及心血管疾病的标志物及危险因素》(Science Translational Medicine《科学转化医学期刊》2017年2月15日)简介:
[Author]: Min Wei Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor of Gerontology, Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
[Abstract]: Calorie restriction or changes in dietary composition can enhance healthy aging, but the inability of most subjects to adhere to chronic and extreme diets, as well as potentially adverse effects, limits their application. We randomized 100 generally healthy participants from the United States into two study arms and tested the effects of a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD)—low in calories, sugars, and protein but high in unsaturated fats—on markers/risk factors associated with aging and age-related diseases.
We compared subjects who followed 3 months of an unrestricted diet to subjects who consumed the FMD for 5 consecutive days per month for 3 months. Three FMD cycles reduced body weight, trunk, and total body fat; lowered blood pressure; and decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). No serious adverse effects were reported. After 3 months, control diet subjects were crossed over to the FMD program, resulting in a total of 71 subjects completing three FMD cycles.
A post hoc analysis of subjects from both FMD arms showed that body mass index, blood pressure, fasting glucose, IGF-1, triglycerides, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein were more beneficially affected in participants at risk for disease than in subjects who were not at risk. Thus, cycles of a 5-day FMD are safe, feasible, and effective in reducing markers/risk factors for aging and age-related diseases.
Larger studies in patients with diagnosed diseases or selected on the basis of risk factors are warranted to confirm the effect of the FMD on disease prevention and treatment.
【作者】:Min Wei 博士,老年学研究助理教授,美国洛杉矶南加州大学生物科学系老年学科长寿研究所。
【摘要】:热量限制饮食或改变成分的饮食可促进健康的老龄化,但由于无法长期坚持这种慢性极端的饮食方式,以及这些饮食可能的副作用,使得这种饮食方式无法推广。我们挑选了来自全美的100名健康受试者,随机分成两个研究组,测试模拟空腹饮食,即低热量、低糖和低蛋白而高非饱和脂肪饮食对衰老、衰老相关的疾病的标志物或危险因素的影响。
对照组连续3个月采取非限制的饮食方式,实验组采取每个月连续5天模拟空腹饮食,持续3个月。研究发现3个周期的模拟空腹饮食减轻了体重、躯干和身体总体脂肪,降低了血压和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)。没有发现严重副作用。3个月后,对照组的饮食改为实验组的方案,最终有71名受试者完成了3个周期的模拟空腹试验。
一项实验后的分析结论指出,比起无相关疾病危险因素的人来说,有这些危险因素的人更能从模拟空腹饮食中受益。分析对照组和实验组数据发现,体重指数、血压和空腹血糖,IGF-1,甘油三酯和总的脂蛋白及低密度脂蛋白、C反应蛋白,在有这些疾病危险因素的受试者中有更显著的下降。因此,5天的模拟空腹饮食周期是安全、可行和有效地降低了衰老和年龄相关的疾病的标志物及危险因素。
还需要更大型的研究来进一步确保模拟空腹饮食对有这些疾病的人和具有这些疾病危险因素的人的预防和治疗作用。
4.Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting《间歇性禁食的代谢影响》(Annual Review of Nutrition《营养学综述年刊》)简介:
[Author]: Ruth E. Patterson, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, Dorothy D. Sears.
[Abstract]: The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes.
A Medline search in PubMed was performed using the terms “intermittent fasting,” “fasting,” “time-restricted feeding,” and “food timing.” Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals could result in sustained improvements in human health.
Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacologic approaches to improving health at the population level with multiple public health benefits.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition Volume 37 is August 21, 2017. Please see
http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx for revised estimates.
【作者】:Ruth E. Patterson,加州大学圣地亚哥分校穆尔斯癌症中心。
【摘要】:这篇文章的目的总体回顾间歇性禁食,总结间歇性禁食对身体的益处的证据,讨论间歇性禁食带来身体益处的生理机制。
在PubMed Meline主题词搜索中,用了“间歇性禁食” “禁食” “时间限制的进食”和“定时进食”。改良的禁食方式似乎利于减肥,提高代谢健康。一些研究也支持了一个假设——饮食的模式,如减少或者去除晚餐和增加晚上禁食的时间,能够持续提高人体健康。
间歇性禁食对代谢调节影响的假设有以下三个方面:(a)周期性的生物效应,(b)肠道的微生物组,(c)改善生活方式比如睡眠。如果证明是有效的,这些饮食方式提供了有效的非药物性的方法来提高人群水平的健康,有许多公共卫生的益处。
这篇文章预计于2017年8月21日在《营养学综述年刊》上发表,请参考
http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/pubdates.aspx,看修改进度。